Hydrogen Peroxide As Additive For Diesel Fuel

enthalpy Peroxide As Additive For Diesel provideCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHEAT ENGINESA awake locomotive locomotive railway locomotive is a machine whose function is to produce mechanical postal code and it does so by victimisation heat energy that is released when combustion of go off pick ups place.It is classified in two main types on the basis where the combustion takes place.1. External combustion locomotive engines also called the E.C enginesHere, as name suggests, heat energy from can is extracted not inner the cylinder where mechanical movement is generated but outside at distinguishable setup from where it is carried along in any modal(a) such as air, steam or petrol and passed into setup where it can be used for generating mechanical movement. Examples of this type of engine ar hot air engines, steam turbines, steam engines and closed cycle gas turbine. This kind of engine is mostly used in electric violence generations, ships, and driving locomotives.2. Interna l combustion engines famously known as I.C enginesIt can be easily understood from the name that heat energy of force out is extracted deep down the cylinder from where mechanical movement originates.I.C. ENGINESHere the mechanical energy is generated by force on nozzle, blades of turbines or pistons. They argon arranged in such a way that when fuel is burnt inside combustion chamber the gases so produced as result of this action having very eminent force and very high temperature creates a force that directly leads to the their movement.From the development point of view we can say that J.J.E Lenior was the one who developed the first practically okay engine in 1860 and later that many different version were experimented mostly having power of around 4.5 kw and efficiency near 5%. otto-langen is fracturen credit for developing a four stroking cycle engine in 1876. The efficiency of engine was nearly around 11%. It worked on spark ignition system. In 1892 rudolf diesel came with the compression ignition engine which was more efficient than spark ignition engines.1.2.1 Classification of I.C. Engines.CHAPTER 2DIESEL ENGINE2.1 INTRODUCTIONIt is an internal combustion heat engine where heat energy, produced by spraying fuel on compressed air having a high temperature that is above the self-ignition temperature of fuel inside the cylinder, is converted in to mechanical work. Piston is arranged inside the cylinder that produces this mechanical work in response to combustion and expansion of air inside the cylinder.Diesel engine working on both 2 stroke and 4 stroke cycle. The main difference between diesel and petrol engine is that diesel works on the concept of constant pressure heat addition while petrol works on the concept of constant volume heat addition. For an engine to work on constant pressure heat addition concept it needs fuel which has low self-ignition temperature. And the fact that only air is compressed inside the cylinder is the reason for h igh compression ratio of diesel engine. They lie in the range of 14-22.2.2 WORKINGThe four important processes of a diesel engine be intake of air, compression of the air to temperature that is above the self-ignition temperature of fuel, combustion inside the cylinder by spraying fuel on the compressed air and at long last letting out the gases from cylinder after combustion. These four processes atomic number 18 repeated in cycle to make the engine run continuously. These four processes can be done with two strokes of piston (one revolution of crank rotating shaft) or four strokes of the piston (two revolution of crankshaft).Lets understand the four stroke processes briefly because we are going to make experiment on 4-stroke engine. During first stroke piston moves down creating space for air to come in. now when piston moves upward it compress air deep down the cylinder. When piston reaches at the top fuel is sprayed in the cylinder. This leads to combustion and downward m ovement of piston. after(prenominal) reaching bottom piston moves upward removing the release gas from cylinder. And again when piston moves down fresh air is taken in cylinder and processes goes on. The up and down movement (linear motion) of piston is converted in to round motion through crankshaft which is connected to the piston. Please refer to the diagram below.2.3 FUEL INJECTIONThe injection of fuel to the cylinder is very critical processes. If done with faithful timing and injection pressure it can lead to enhanced performance of the engine. The injection pressure given to the fuel by injector is typically 7106 to 7107 pa. The accurate time for fuel injection is when piston is about to reach the top of cylinder. When fuel is injected inside it is partly combusted as constant volume and thence as piston moves down the remaining part is combusted as pressure constant processes.2.4 PROS AND CONS OF DIESEL ENGINEThe diesel engine is far more superior(p) to the gas engine in terms of efficiency. They do not make noise and are very low on maintenance requirement when compared to gasoline engines. Its reliability and ruggedness is more. As fuel leads to combustion due to low self-ignition temperature no spark plugs are required which leads to freeze off comprise of maintaining. Cost of fuel is lower, around 30% to 40% than gas engines. Another major advantage it gives over gasoline engine is by producing low waste in outwit and coolingMajor disadvantages of diesel engine are its high weight to horsepower ratio and difficulty to make them start when they are in ice-cold weather area.CHAPTER 3DIESEL FUEL AND ADDITIVESAny liquid that can be utilized to operate diesel engine is called as diesel fuel. in general derived from following four sources.Diesel fuel has been divided into three major groups by ASTM (The American society for testing and materials), which depends on the various uses of diesel engines. They areNo. 1-D for frequent load and speed changing engines.No. 2-D for engine with constant speed but high loads.No. 3-D for low and medium speed engines that operate under sustained loads.3.1 DESIRED QUALITIES OF DIESEL FUELKeeping in mind the functioning of diesel engine that are fewer important and critical qualities that a liquid must have to serve as diesel fuel. They are3.2 STANDARD SPECIFICATION OF DIESEL FUELDepending upon plan of use, diesel fuel is available in various grades. Diesel fuel is a mixture of different crude oil derived substances, all with their own carnal and chemical properties, such as paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. Diesel fuel has to work in various kinds of engine types, having difference in conditions of operation and cycles of duty, and range of technology of fuel system, temperatures of engine and pressures of fuel system. It must suit a wide range of different climates. The balanced properties of each grade of diesel fuel are important to give good performance over an extremely various situation .The most common in use guidelines for diesel fuel are given by ASTM International. ASTM specializedations are created after taking into consideration, based on the wide range of experience and cooperativeness of diesel fuels producer, diesel engines manufacturer and fuel systems (and users of both), and other important officials like state fuel quality regulators.3.3 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF FUEL3.4 DIFFERENT TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF ADDITIVESDiesel fuel properties are met and maintained by crude industry by taking the use of number of commercial diesel fuel additives.Fuel components and additives are different from each other. first off Fuel Components are hydrocarbon classes like aromatic, iso-paraffin and naphthene. They basically sum up the volume of the fuel. While Additives are added to fuel in at very less amounts, generally at the ppm level, and is of no significance fuel volume. There are different types of additives that are used to better fuel in different ways and to overcome different problems. pursual table give different types of additives and their functions.Table showing different types and function of additives.Type of AdditiveFunctionCetane number improverImproves ignition quality by raising cetane number, better starts, reduces white smokeLubricity improversImproves lubricity, better injector pump lubricationAntioxidantsExtend storage life, inhibit oxidisation, reduce gum and precipitate formationStabilizersInhibit oxidation extend storage lifeMetal deactivatorsDeactivate copper compounds in fuel, thereby promoting longer storage lifePour point depressantsLow temperature operability, improve cold flow propertiesSmoke suppressantsPromote more complete combustion reduce exhaust smokeRust preventersReduce formation of rust in fuel systems storage tanksDe-emulsifiersUsed to annex the rate of piss separation from the fuelCHAPTER 4HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHaving very high oxidizing capability total heat peroxide (h2o2) is one of the strongest reactive oxidizer that exists. Naturally, it is synthesized as the by-product of oxidative metabolism in nearly all-living organisms. It is mainly used as a propellent in rocketry, as bleach, as an antiseptic and as an oxidizer. It has IUPAC name of Di- atomic number 1 dioxide and is also known as Dioxidane.Molecular diagram of henry peroxide4.1 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF H2O21. Hydrogen peroxide has a Molar mass of 34.0147 g/mol2. It appears colorless in solution and otherwise has a very light blue color.3. H2O2 has niggardliness of 1.463 g/cm34. Melting point of -.43 oc. and boiling point of 150.2 oc.5. It has more viscosity than h2o.6.It has calorific value of 2700 kJ/kg.7. Has dipole moment of 2.13 debye and refractive index of 1.33 (same as that of water)8. It has specific heat capacity of 1.267 J/kg (gas) and of 2.619 J/kg (liquid)4.2 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS AN ADDITIVEOne important reaction of hydrogen peroxide is its spontaneous exo thermic decomposition into oxygen and water. The reactions is2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2It has 1. Standard enthalpy of reaction of -98.4 kJ/mol2. Gibbs free energy of -118.7 kJ/mol3. heighten of entropy of 71 J/molBecause of this property of hydrogen peroxide it is used as propellant in rocket. Here high-test peroxide (hydrogen peroxide with closeness of around 90%) is used. The H2O2 decomposes into steam and oxygen.According to me same concept can be applied to diesel engine as well. Where adding small amount of hydrogen peroxide to the diesel fuel can improve ignition of diesel fuel inside combustion chamber by providing additional oxygen and energy when it decomposes. And steam thus produced will easily move out along the exhaust gases.CHAPTER 5EXPERIMENT PERFORMED5.1 OBJECTIVETo conduct experiment utilize 4 stroke, 2 cylinder diesel engine to study the effects of addition of hydrogen peroxide to the diesel fuel. And compare the performance of three different have fuel where the first one is 100% diesel, second is 95% diesel + 5% hydrogen peroxide and third is 90% diesel + 10% hydrogen peroxide.5.2 AIMTo calculate following parameters for three fuel exemplarsBrake power (BP).Brake mean effective pressure (Pbm)Fuel consumed (Qf) heat energy energy produced by fuel (Hf)Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)Brake thermal efficiency (bt)Air fuel ratio (A/F)5.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUPDiesel engine has two cylinders and is four stroke, water-cooled engine. Dynamometer that is a rope brake type has been provided with loading sensors. Different rota-meters has been arranged to calculate flow of water to calorimeter of exhaust gas and to the engine jacket. Setup is equipped with temperature sensors, air tank and fuel tank for supply.Software has been programmed to collect data. It provides experiment performer to log-in data and insert and print them. This computer software allows tabulation and comparison of data collected. in a flash lets discuss about the dynamometer me ntioned above. It has brake drum, load cell, and arrangement of cooling down water. It is so coupled with the shat of the engine that load can be changed using rotation of wheel that increases the tension of the drum.Another important part of the setup is facility provided to rhythm the heat energy gone along with exhaust gases. Calorific measuring meter is equipped with jacket of the cooling water and shell that is in important with baffles. Water is made to flow against in indirect contact with gas that comes from exhaust and there is a rota-meter and valve to control the rate of flow of this water. So using heat can be measured that is going out as a waste with gases that comes from exhaust.There also is a provision made for acquiring p-v and p- represents. These works based on the sensors. Sensors that are stored in combustion chamber and aligned along the shaft that gives the output motion that has been produced by engine. These sensors provide the software the data of diffe rent pressure and angle of crank. And then we directly get graphs on the computer. But sadly these sensors have been damaged and cannot be used. So we are not able to get these graphs which are essential part of performance analysis.5.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREFirst of all three different samples of fuels are made. sample distribution 1 is pure diesel. Sample 2 is 5% hydrogen peroxide and 95% diesel. Sample 3 is 10% hydrogen peroxide and 90% diesel. tout ensemble the pre-checks of the engine are conducted such as SAE 20w40 oil is filled in the oil sump up to needed level using a lay that is made specially for this purpose, data cable is connecting unit of interfering with the computer, flow of water is set accordingly through rota-meters.Filling of the fuel sample in the fuel tank.Starting engine with the help of lever that is for decompressing. Lifting this lever while turning flywheel at high speed taking use of handle leads to fine-tune starting of engine. Run the engine for lik e say 2 min before any thing to be done because it needs time to stabilization.Now loading of the diesel engine is done with help of dynamometer. Here we will try and set four different loads for a sample of fuel. Firstly zero kg then eight kg after that 16 kg and finally 24 kg.Readings are noted down or you may say logged in the computer for every load and saved.After completion of the experiment for fuel 1 same procedure is followed for other two samples.After the readings and information of all samples are collected stop the engine only after reducing load on engine.Finally close the supply of water that is used for cooling and stop the fuel supply.5.5 IMPORTANT SPECIFICATIONS OF ENGINE14 horse power engineDiameter of bore is 87.5 mmLength of stroke is 110 mmLength of arm acting on dynamometer is 0.165mDensity of air is taken as 1.21 kg/m3Gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2Surface area of piston is 6.01*10-3 m2Volume swept by cylinder per second is .0165 m3/sec5.6 FORMULAE U SEDPlease note formulae have been written after calculating all constant and known values as specific numerical constant so as to get clear picture of what and how different variables affect the values of performance indicators. And also that following set of formula apply for sample 1 only and similarly formulae for sample 2 and 3 were calculated separately.Brake-power (in kw)m is mass of load acting on dynamometer (kg)N is revolution per minute of shaftBreak mean effective pressure (in N/m2)Fuel consumed by engine (in kg/s)X is volume of fuel consumed (in ml)T is time taken to consume X ml of fuel (in seconds)Air fuel ratioQa is flow rate of air intake by engine (in m3/s)Brake specific fuel consumption (in kg/kw-s)Heat supplied by fuel (in kw)Brake thermal efficiency (in %)Volumetric efficiency (in %)5.8 ANALYSIS AND COMPARISION OF PERFORMANCEGRAPH LOAD VS BRAKE POWERFrom above graph we can say that all the 3 samples of fuel are able to give same brake power output. This helps us to confirm that 2 observational fuel are able to provide same output as that provided by reliable fuel.GRAPH LOAD VS BSFCFrom the graph we can observe that sample 2 has high BSFC then other 2 samples at low loads. But as the load is increased sample 2 has slightly lower BSFC than other two samples. While sample 3 gives you lower BSFC at low loads and same BSFC as the sample 1 at higher loads.GRAPH LOAD VS BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCYFrom graph above, it is clearly visible that sample 2 and sample 3 provides higher efficiency than the original sample 1. And it is also important to note that there is not much vast difference between efficiency of sample 1 and sample 2CHAPTER 6CONCLUSIONThe experiment was performed on the 4-stroke, vertical, 2-cylinder diesel engine. It was maintained at constant rpm of 1498 and 50 ml of fuel was consumed at each load. 4 load conditions were decided to perform experiment on 3 samples of fuel keeping in mind the capability of engine. The 4 conditions we re 0, 8, 16, and 24 kg.The positives that we can take from the experiment performed are that we are able to produce same output result in terms of output power at output shaft though the heating value of sample fuel 2 and 3 are lower than that of sample 1. This is the reason we are able to show increase in brake thermal efficiency obtained by sample fuel 2 and 3 than that obtained by sample 1. But the most important final result that I think from the experiment is that there is slight decrease in BSFC of sample fuel 2 at high load. Due to limitation of experimental conditions we cannot check the result for load above 25 kg. I believe that this result has originated from the fact that hydrogen peroxide provides that additional oxygen and energy when it decomposes exothermically to give steam and oxygen.The thing that hampers the proposition of hydrogen peroxide as an additive for diesel fuel is its storage problem. A research is needed on the feasibleness of storing hydrogen peroxi de separately than the diesel in engine and spraying it through different injection system than that of diesel because there could be hypothesis when hydrogen peroxide in the fuel tank it may decompose itself without aid of compression temperature in combustion chamber in long-term storage. The cost factor also needed to be taken into account. The other few things that are kind of inconclusive and needs further research on them are how does steam produced by decomposition reaction affects the engine on long run and what amount of hydrogen peroxide is optimum for the engine.

Benefits of Buying a House

Benefits of get a HouseBuying a hall is one of the smartest pecuniary decisions a person can make.People have been loth(p) to invest in a house for many reasons. Among the reasons ar decreasing position values, high student debt, the volatile job market, and other reasons. This reluctance has caused a drop in homeownership, especially by the millennial generation. Many muckle ask because it is easier and seems cheaper. But, when considering likely resale value, and emotional benefits, the benefits of investing in a house atomic number 18 appa hold.When renting a house or apartment from a landlord, the tenant pays the landlord a monthly fee at the beginning of the month. When purchasing a house, the emptor borrows money from the bank to pay for the house. The emptor must pays back a monthly amount equal to a portion of the borrowed money plus kindle associated with the borrowed money. Many people compare the price difference between rent and mortgage payments, and seeing that the monthly rent amount is less, decide to rent.Generally, rent payments are initially cheaper which is attractive. But, if you compare the total long- margin financial differences between renting and paying a mortgage, youll likely see the opposite.Rent payments go to your landlord as exclusive money. Mortgage payments are an investment to a likely appreciating asset. As a purchaser pays off a mortgage, the purchasers home equity increases. In other words, the purchaser is building his or her retirement account and not a landlords.When comparing rent payments versus mortgage payments, there are a number of variables to consider, including the characteristics of the properties, their location, their condition, and the potential of the properties to estimate in value. Below is a table showing the average comparison between rent monthly payments and mortgage monthly payments, taking inflation into consideration.As you can see on the table, we are comparing the mortgage of a ho me that costs $160,000 to renting that home for $800 per month. Rent is cheaper throughout the first cardinal years, which is what causes many people to decide to rent. But, due to inflation, rent becomes more expensive than mortgage would cost after those initial five years.Rent payments and mortgage payments for akin(predicate) properties are only marginally different. The long-term aspects between the two, however, are significant. A renter is not encumbered with the longer-term responsibilities that accompany home ownership such as maintenance, upkeep, and the potential of having to sell the house before having the ability to relocate. On the other hand, while paying a mortgage, a purchaser is building equity in an asset. While paying rent, a renter is paying a fee to a landlord without any long-term financial benefit. Buying is a financially gilt-edged decision.Buying a house is an investment, meaning it is possible that an investor can lose money or make money depending on whether the asset depreciates or appreciates in value. A renter does not have the investment risk associated with owning a house. In the case of real estate, though, it is more likely that an investor will make money. For example, properties sell in cities like New York, DC, and Miami are good investments because those areas tend to attract professional people who plan to stay for a long period of time. Buying in an area like these, where the market is trending up increases net worth. In 2000, a house that cost $300,000 could sell for $500,000 in 2017, which means an investor who bought a house in 2000 and sold it in 2017 made $200,000 from the investment. The likely potential to realize appreciation on the investment in a house is a liberal benefit to the purchaser.People who invest in buying a house often benefit from more than just financial benefits. When buying a house, the purchaser can redesign and make alterations to the home. In other words, the purchaser can personalize t heir home in ways that a renter cannot. This gives a homeowner a sense of control that a renter doesnt have over their home. It results in homeowners having a higher satisfaction with life, a more positive mindset, and a home that suites the needs of the entire family that can be modified as needed.There is a sense of pride that comes along with buying a home. around people who purchase a house plan to stay for a while. So when an investor buys a home, they are also investing in the local community. They are not simply buying a piece of real estate. They are buying a home in a neighborhood, surrounded by people who are all working together for the greater good to make it a fantastic place to settle down and call home.People who rent a house rather than buy a house are not likely to create these interpersonal relationships in the community to the same degree. The renter knows they may have to move when their lease is up and so may not be as invested in the community activities. The se relationships create a sure support system, which is emotionally healthier.Although renting and buying each have pros and cons, buying is a better long term investment. In most places, mortgage and rent payments are only marginally different. Paying a mortgage for a house and building equity in the house has long-term benefits, both financial and emotional, that renting does not provide. Although renters are not encumbered with many of the responsibilities of home ownership, investing in a home is a great long term investment. A purchaser has the potential upside of asset appreciation and emotional attachment. Assuming a purchaser can handle the responsibilities of home ownership, the long-term benefits of home ownership make purchasing a home a great investment.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systems, Causes and Treatments

Neurode ingredientrative Diseases Sy bowknots, Causes and TreatmentsSimon MendyCompare the symptoms, causes and available or coming(prenominal) trackments for Motor Neuron Disease, Spinal Muscular shrivel and Myasthenia Gravis.Neurode ingredientrative diseases are hereditary (inherited) and spasmodic (acquired during a persons life) conditions caused by modernized sickish establishment dysfunction (http//ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/ judgement_neurological/index_en.htm). Motor neuron disease and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (shrink) are neurodegenerative conditions that arise due to push neurons dysfunction and Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder. Motor neuron disease is caused by damage to motor neurons Spinal respectable wasting is due to deterioration of the motor neurons connecting the brain and spinal cord Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition that arises due to the damage or blocking of pass receptors by antibodies a ccidently produced by the immune remains. All three disorders result in impuissance, making in that respect diagnosis very hard, because weakness is a very putting surface symptom of many conditions. However, possibilities are ruled out depending on the age of the person needed. If several(prenominal)one exhibiting muscle weakness is 1 year old, it is more probable that the person has SMA than the MG or MND, because SMA generally assumes children ranging from less than six months to around the age of three, whereas MND is common in teenagers and young adults, and MG normally affects middle aged(a) adults.Motor neurone disease is a rum condition of unknown aetiology that occurs when motor neurons (specialist nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that relay signals from the brain to the muscles) become damaged and ultimately stop working (http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx). This causes the muscles that the damage nerves supply to g radually lose strength, usually with wasting of muscles. It is unclear exactly what causes motor neurons to stop working, but, at that place is not thought to be a link with factors like lifestyle, race and diet. In a small number of cases (about 5%), there is a family history of either motor neuron disease or a related condition known as frontotemporal dementia. However, there is no private test to diagnose MND and diagnosis is solely based on the opinion of a neurologist, on the basis of the symptoms observed and a physical examination. In about cases a specialised test is needed to rule out other possible conditions.Symptoms of motor neurone disease begin gradually over a decimal point of weeks and months, generally only on one side of the dust at the beginning, and gradually get worse with time. Symptoms normally include having clumsy fingers or weaker cargo area ( early signs of weakness). Other symptoms include wasting of muscles, muscle cramps, hardships with swallowing and communication, excess saliva (difficulties swallowing saliva), and coughing after swallowing. After sometime, a person with motor neuron disease whitethorn find themselves unable to move. In a small number of cases (10-15%), motor neuron disease is associated with a type of dementia called frontotemporal dementia that keister affect behaviour and personality.The main types of motor neuron disease are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (accounts for 60-70% of all cases), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), progressive mesomorphic atrophy (PMA), and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) (http//www.patient.co.uk/health/Motor-Neurone-Disease).Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal (a chromosome that is not allosome) recessive genetic disease that causes muscle weakness and progressive injury of movement (http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). Around 1 out of every 40 stack are genetic carriers of the disease (they carry the mutated gene but do not actua lly pay back SMA) (http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). Gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene (http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ vade mecum/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation). Gene mutation occurs in two different ways they are either inherited from parents (known as hereditary mutation) or they are acquired at some time during a persons life (known as acquired mutation). Hereditary mutations happen when mutations are present in some(prenominal) the egg and sperm cells. A person that has inherited this type of mutation has it present in virtually every cell in their tree trunk, through and throughout their lifetime. Acquired mutations occur in individual cells at some time during a persons lifetime. These changes can occur due to environmental factors like ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun, chemicals, and radiation, or if a drop away is made whilst DNA copies itself during cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Acqui red mutations are only inherited if they occur in sex cells. According to the National Genome Institute, al nearly all diseases have some kind of genetic factor. These disorders can be cause by multiple gene mutations, a mutation in a single gene, have gene mutation and environmental factors, or by chromosome damage or mutation. Gene mutation has been identified as the cause of legion(predicate) disorders including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), haemophilia, Tay-Sachs, sickle cell, anaemia, cystic fibrosis and some cancers (http//biology.about.com/od/basicgenetics/ss/gene-mutation.htm).The term SMA is used mainly for the most common form spinal muscular atrophy, which is caused by a genetic problem where one copy of the genetic error (mutation in autosomes) is inherited from each parent. SMA is classified into four different categories, from event I IV. The categorization of SMA depends on the age at which symptoms of the disease arise and the severity of the symptoms. Symptoms of SMA normally include problems with breathing, eating, moving and swallowing floppy arms and legs (In children with either Type I or II SMA) twitching of the muscles in the arms, legs or tongue. Type I SMA is the most severe, it develops in babies under six months old. Type II is less severe that Type I SMA, it affects babies between the ages 6 to 18 months. Type troika and Type IV are the mildest types of SMA. Type III normally affects children around 3 geezerhood old. Type IV affects adults. In the most severe cases of SMA (Types I and II), fatal respiratory problems usually develop during childhood. In mild cases such as Types III and IV SMA, life expectancy is normally unaffected (http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Introduction.aspx).Spinal muscular atrophy is caused by the deletion of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1) (http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). In healthy tribe SMN1 produces a protein known as the survi val motor neuron (SMN) protein. In a person with mutated genes, the supply of this protein is absent or is significantly decreased. This results in the deterioration of the nerve cells (motor neurons) connecting the brain and spinal cord to the bodys muscles, therefore causing muscle weakness and gradual loss of movement, because the SMN protein is critical to the survival and health of motor neurons. Spinal muscular atrophy affects 1 in 6000 to 1 in 10000 people.Myasthenia gravis is a unique long-term autoimmune condition which affects the nerves and muscles, resulting in the muscles becoming weak. An autoimmune condition is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying healthy body tissue. Ordinarily, the immune systems white blood cells protect the body from harmful substances, known as antigens. For examples viruses, bacteria, toxins, etc. antibodies are produced as a counter measure by the immune system that destroy the antigens. In people with autoimmune diso rder, the immune system has difficulty distinguishing between antigens and healthy body tissue. Due to this an immune system response that kills healthy body tissue is produced. The cause of the immune system no longer being able to distinguish between antigens and healthy body tissue is unknown at present. A theory suggests that drugs or microorganisms (like bacteria or viruses) may trigger some of these changes. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system accidentally produces antibodies (proteins) that damage or block muscle receptor cells. This stops muscles spotting because the antibodies keep on messages being past from the nerve endings to the muscles. However, it is not understood why the immune system of some people produce antibodies that attack the muscle receptor cells.Symptoms of myasthenia gravis generally include impaired eye movement and weakness of muscles that are voluntarily controlled, therefore affecting functions such as facial expressions, eye and eye lid move ment, chewing, talking and swallowing, and weakness of neck and limbs. However since weakness is a common symptom in many different diseases and conditions, diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is normally delayed or missed. Myasthenia gravis is diagnosed through Blood tests, contagious tests and Electromyogram. In the U.S about 20 in 100,000 people are diagnosed with myasthenia gravis.Presently there is no known remediation for MND, SMA, OR MG, notwithstanding there are treatments that can be initiated with aims to ease symptoms to help the person feel more comfortable and have a better quality of life, and compensate for the gradual loss of bodily functions like mobility, communication, breathing and swallowing. For example, for MND, muscle relaxants can help reduce muscle stiffness medicines such as phenytoin can treat muscle cramps a breathing mask can help reduce shortness of breath. Right now, the only available treatment for MND that affects the progression of the disease is Ril uzole, however it doesnt stop the progression of motor neuron disease, but only slows it down by a few months (http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx). With SMA, depending on the severity, treatment could involve exercise, to prevent joint stiffness and improve range of movement and flexibility assistive equipment such as motorised wheelchairs and walking frames if someone with SMA has difficulty moving edible advice and feeding tubes bracing and surgery to treat scoliosis (curvature of the spine) (http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Treatment.aspx). For patients with MG, medication such as pyridostigmine and neostigmine (less common), can prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, an important chemical that assists the muscles in contracting (http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx). If pyridostigmine is ineffective, steroid tablets can be used to lessen the symptoms. Doctors overly often prescribe a zathioprine, methotrexate or mycophenolate, to suppress the immune system. Muscle strength can be improved by controlling the production of abnormal antibodies through the use immunosuppressants. In some cases of MG, surgery to remove the thymus gland (a thymectomy) may be recommended. The thymus gland is part of the immune system and is found underneath the breast bone, it is sometimes abnormal in people with MG. In numerous cases, treatment of MG substantially improves muscle weakness allowing a person with the condition to lead a comparatively normal life. Some people may experience permanent or temporally periods where symptoms stop and treatment is no longer needed. Permanent remissions occur in about a third of the people who have a thymectomy (http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx).Currently, the hope of many is that stem cells of extraneural or neural origin might be modified in vitro (i.e. transforming skin cells into induced pluripotent stem ce ll (iPS)) (http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help) to differentiate into motor neurons that would migrate to sites of motor neuron loss and restore the motor pathways lost in MND by forming functional connections (Boulis, 2011). The most vivid cells so far that can be used for stem treatment of MND are spinal cord stem cells, which are able to produce both motor neurons and a cell call glia. Many of the proteins known as growth factors that contribute to motor neurons development are secreted by glia. There is also a possibility that non-neuronal cells such as glia can be used to prevent further damage to motor neurons and encourage repair through the production of the working version of the protein SOD1, which in some types of MND doesnt function properly (http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help). Stem cell therapy also has to the potential to be used as a possible cure for SMA, MG and other neurological conditions.Gene therapy uses genes to prevent or treat a disease by introducing genetic substantial in cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein (MacKenzie, 2010). Gene therapy was found to be well suited as a future treatment for SMA by the Kaspar group who described a self-complementary (sc) AAV9 vector that crosses the blood-brain barriers after systemic administration because of scAAV9s remarkable efficiency in central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer, after intravenous delivery in mice and other larger animals. Using this as a base, the Kaspar group along with Arthur burgees, detail the most successful rescue reported yet in a mouse model of severe SMA. This was achieved by injecting scAAV9 that is carrying SMN1, into the facial vein of mice pups on their day of expect (MacKenzie, 2010). The approach of injecting scAAV9 into mice pups, resulted in the transduction of 40% of motor neurons, and an extension of the lifespan of the mic e from 2 weeks to more than 250 days, combined with almost normalised neuromuscular electrophysiology and normal motor function (MacKenzie, 2010).This exploratory data obtained in the gene therapy rescue of SMA in the mouse model, reported by the Kaspar group and Arthur Burghes (a pioneer of SMA), suggests that the same approach could be used in primates. The authors investigated systemic injection of scAAV9-GFP in a cynomolgus monkey (1 day of age). After four weeks, the magnitude of GFP in spinal motor neurons recorded was similar to that shown by the mice (MacKenzie, 2010), boding well for possible application to humans. This news, along with recent encouraging reports of AAV gene therapy of retinal disease, supports the further rehabilitation of gene therapy as a thinkable therapeutic alternative for neurological diseases, including MG, SMA and MND.The stage seems set with seemingly untreatable disorders of unknown pathogenesis an unknown presymptomatic way of diagnosis and, t he small possibility of a cure through gene therapy and stem cell therapy, which are by far the best hopes, not only for MND, SMA and MG, but also for other neurological diseases. However, gene therapy and stem cell therapy are subject to a lot of public disagreement. For gene therapy this is due to fact that, gene therapy targeted at germ cells (egg and sperm cells), (known as germline gene therapy) could be pass on to next generations. Whilst it spares a family and their future generations from a specific genetic disorder, theres a possibility it could affect the development of a fetus in unexpected ways or have yet unknown long-term side effects (http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ handbook/therapy/ethics). Because the people who are going to be affected are not yet born, they are unable to choose whether to have the treatment, resulting in big debates one whether germline gene therapy should be used. Other ethical concerns involve negative impacts on what society thinks is normal, and discri mination toward those with the undesirable traits that arise from using gene therapy as a form modification for unwanted traits or to make genetic improvements. The idea of stem cell therapy is also controversial. Whilst it can used for the treatment of many diseases including neurological ones, there are ethical problems involving how it is obtained. For example, stem cells obtained from the embryo, because the embryo is viewed as a potential person. Due to this, taking stem cells from an embryo is considered to be murder, however, its argued that, an early embryo that hasnt be implanted into the uterus doesnt have properties we associate with being a person, and therefore can and should be used for the take in of patients (who are persons).Bibliographyhttp//ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/brain_neurological/index_en.htm (20/07/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx (20/07/2014)http//www.patient.co.uk/health/Motor-Neurone -Disease (20/07/2014)http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/ (04/07/2014)http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation (20/06/2014)http//biology.about.com/od/basicgenetics/ss/gene-mutation.htm (21/06/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Introduction.aspx (20/07/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Treatment.aspx (04/07/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx (21/07/2014)http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help (05/07/2014)Nicholas M. Boulis. (2011). Gene Therapy for Motor Neuron Disease.Gene Vector Design and Application to Treat Nervous System Disorders. 33 (3), p41-49Alex MacKenzie. (2010). A severe inherited neuromuscular disease is corrected in mice by intravenous gene delivery.Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. 28 (3), 235-237http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/genetherapy, (27/06/2014)http//ghr.nl m.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/ethics, (28/06/2014)http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/procedures, (27/06/2014)

Middle Ages :: essays research papers fc

The Christian Crusades Positively Impacted the East and the West regular though countless numbers of people died during the Christian Crusades, there were many positive effects for both the East and the West. After the Crusades halted, various trade routes undecided up between Eastern and Western cities. Also, the Muslims developed new military strategies and techniques during the fights with the Europeans, and they united themselves against one cause, producing a stronger religious nation (Encyclopdia Britannica, 1993). Numerous effects of the Christian Crusades in the Middle East had a positive outcome. In John Childs book, The Crusades, he quotes J. Kerr as claiming that the "most obvious result of the crusades" was a growth in "trade with the east". According to a 1996 AP article printed in the Jerusalem Post, the English word "sugar" comes from the Arabic "sukkar", and "scallion" comes from "Ascalon", a Philistine city. condesc ension extended from England to the Black Sea, going through the ports of Beirut, Acre and Alexandria. After the loss of Acre in 1291, Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete were the iii Mediterranean islands that composed some of the main crusader vocation centers. From these three islands it was possible to control goods ships traveling to and from the Middle East (Child, 1994). These trade routes generated a beneficial contact between the cultures of East and West. Many merchants from the cities of Venice and Genoa settled in Cyprus and Crete. From the Muslims these merchants bought spices, sugar, textile and cotton. Other merchants from Sicily and Aragorn traded for Tunisian gold, and Algerian wool and animal skins. Popular goods traded from the Middle East were sugar, melons, cotton, ultramarine dye and damask cloth. Although the Pope tried to stop merchants from trading with the Muslims, he had to repeal his embargo in 1344. Though most of the traded goods came from the Middle East, the combined efforts from both East and West brought about many inventions, such as windmills, compasses, gunpowder and clocks. Figure 1 This trade between East and West caused prosperity among the people. Child states in his book that the merchants made "a lot of silver" out of the trade with the Muslim people. After the Crusades had terminated, these merchants were able to prosper from trade between Europe and the Middle East. Outlined in Figure 1 are some trade routes utilized after the Crusades. During the Crusades, the Muslims used weaponry that the Franks were not familiar with.

Identity :: Technology, SNS Profiles

Some young people create profiles as their friends have, they desire to join in their peer group and to share a common run across with their friends. Joining like-minded peers appeals to their collective self-esteem, which eventually, gives them the unexpected pleasure in expressing themselves on SNS profiles. Often, young people provide specific information (e.g., name, birthdate, relationship status) on SNS, although such disclosure is often considered as personalized.Profile generation is an explicit act of writing oneself into being a digital environment (Boyd D., 2008) and participants must determine how they lack to present themselves to those who may view their self-representation or those they wish might. With the ability to post, share and tag photos on SNS represents an important advancement in the ability to communicate. Before, if one wanted to share digital photos, one had to email everyone to let them know. With SNS and News Feeds, when one post new photos on Facebo ok, the friends get automatically notified in their News Feed. state will see the photos on the wall when they visit the profile page.Apart from being a place for self-presentations, profiles are a place where people assemble to converse and share. Conversations happen on profiles and a persons profile reflects their engagements. Consequently, young people do not have complete control over their identities. Users are asked to require their friends to the SNS once they have create their profiles. When relationship is confirmed, the two become Friends in SNS and their relationship is included in the public News Feed wall. These four features profiles, photos, friends and countersign feed - differentiate Facebook from other types of computer-mediated communication. Many young people join SNS to maintain connections with their friends. While viewing profiles, they are given links to their friends friends and so they plunder spend hours surfing the network, clicking from Friend to Friend. By looking at others profiles, young people often get a sense of what types of presentations are socially appropriate others profiles provide critical cues about what to present on their own profile. (Boyd D., 2008) Many young people also manipulate the profiles to express themselves with the choice of pictures and the answers to questions.As Manuel Castells (1997) points out, identity is peoples source of meaning and experience. From a sociological perspective, humans come into the world with an identity based on qualities such as their gender, race, familys economic status, etc.

Citizen Kane Essay examples -- essays research papers

Citizen KaneAfter watching the movie Citizen Kane I realized why this movie was named angiotensin converting enzyme of the best leads ever. Yellow journalism was in an era from the 1880 to the 1900 and it featured flashy journalism of that while, which made editors write about invented stories. Which went to big publicizes on subjects that werent true. The ii big writers of that time were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. During the film Kane is depicted as a yellow journalism at different times. One manakin is when they put out the hold Charles Foster Kane Defeated, Fraud At Polls. From that headline you would believe that he was beaten by some illegal purpose, but it was just a headline getting people to read the article and the enjoyment of writing against your enemy. Next, when Kane got all the writers from the chronicle to start writing for the inquirer. He put out an article that express The Greatest Newspaper Staff In The World and had a picture of all the new guys standing together. As you can see there it is non so much false information, but he said they are greatest writers in the world. When all these guys came form the opposing newspaper. While watching the film there are many other times that Kane portrays yellow journalism. He was out to help the poor people of the community and just ingest gaiety with the newspaper.In todays society we think of yellow journalism as tabloids. A lot of those headline stories that we see in the supermarket get our attention. Which endlessly lead to false information on subjects that we are interested in.In the film there are many ways that loss and belonging have a big part of Charles Foster Kanes Life. It started when he was taken from his birth parents at a young age to go have a soften life. We saw that the mother cherished to get him external from his father because we assumed that he was getting beaten. For many young children being taken away from their home, must really heart the c hild. We dont know why he was taken but assume it was because of his father and also not having comme il faut money to raise him. He must of thought that his parents didnt love him but all they wanted was a better life for him.Another example of not feeling belonged is when his wife and himself were going through some problems. Even if he was the cause of the problem you saw how he wanted to belong to soulfulness and for others to love him. Throughout t... ...y that they lived in during that time was a time that the majority of people didnt have much money. For Kane power was something that he never lived without. He was given a newspaper to run on his own, which made him have a lot of people that worked under him. Throughout the film anything he wanted was done. Since he was the one calling the shots in the newspaper he could have anything printed. For example during the beginning of his election he would print articles that would make him look better then his opponent.For socie ty, during that time period know one knew of anything else but to listen to people that had a lot of power. They would also follow in their footsteps. When people of that time had power they were looked up too as a very high person in life.To sum boththing up this film was one of the greatest films ever made. There are so many different parts of the movie that made other filmmakers take a look at Citizen Kane before commencement their own film. This film has change many filmmakers decisions on how to portray there film. Citizen Kane will never be forgotten and will on in every filmmakers decisions.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Acid RainAs the century past, the industrial society kept advancing. However,many advantages of the industrial society brings us in addition has a down side. Oneof the adverse effects of industrialization is acid deposition due to powerplant, fogy fuel and automobile emissions. Acid pelting down is the popular term butthe scientists prefer the term acid deposition. Acid rain can have adverseeffects on the environment by damaging forests or by lowering the pH of thelakes and making the water too acidic for many aquatic plants and animals tolive.The father of acid rain research is an Englishman named Charles AngusSmith who suggested in, 1852, that sulfuric acid in Manchester, English, wascausing metal to rust and dyed goods to fade. One source that causes acid rain ar fossil fuel. Fossil fuel has many usage in our society. Such as to powerelectric power plants, industrial boilers, smelters, businesses, schools, homesand vehicles of all sort. These various energy sources move over 23.1 milliontons of sulfur dioxide and 20.5 million tons of nitrogen oxides to ouratmosphere worldwide. When fossil fuels are ignited like oil and coal, theyrelease carbon dioxide, a so-called greenhouse gas that traps heat within theearths atmosphere which causes global warming that is taking place right now.Also, it releases sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and various metals (mercury,aluminum) that are released into the atmosphere that reacts with other airbornechemicals (water vapor and sunlight) to produce sulfuric and nitric acid whichlater can be carried long distance from their source and be deposited as rain(acid rain) but acid doesnt just came from rain but also in the forms of snow,hail, fog, and mist.Forests are a complex ecosystems that involves trees, soil, water, the air,climate and other accompaniment organisms that support the community of wildlifeanimals, birds, insects and plants and also a major economic resource. Thecountries hardest effected by acid rain is in t he atomic number 63an countries, yetcentral Europe face a much greater threat since it has a large amount offorest area and about 8% of Germans forest face the lethal effect ofWaldsterben or forest death of acid rain. Acid rain kill about 50 millionhectares of forest that have been damaged in Europe and in Central and EasternEuropes thousands of tons of pollution each year that 14,000 lakes are unableto support sensitive aquatic life. Acid rain does not kill trees outright butweakens them to the point where they become susceptible to extremes of heat orcold, attacks from blight-causing or from inserts such as the gypsy moth, and